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Taxonomic History (provided by Barry Bolton, 2017)

Distribution:

(based on species list records)
Afrotropical Region: Africa, Angola, Ashanti, Atakora, Batha, Benin, Benue, Bioko Sur, Borgou, Botswana, Buikwe, Bundibugyo, Bungoma, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Bururi, Bushenyi, Cabo Delgado, Cabo Verde, Cameroon, Central, Central, Central, Central African Republic, Centre, Chad, Coast, Congo, Dakar, Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Eastern, Eastern, Eastern Africa, Eastern Cape, Embu, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Erongo, Estuaire, Ethiopia, Free State, Gabon, Gambia, Gauteng, Ghana, Greater Accra, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Hadjer-Lamis, Haut-Katanga, Haut-Uélé, Huambo, Iringa, Ituri, Ivory Coast, Kabarole, Kajiado, Kakamega, Kanungu, Kenya, Khartoum, Kigoma, Kilifi, Kilimanjaro, Kongo Central, Kunene, KwaZulu-Natal, Kwale, Kwanza Norte, Lac, Lagunes, Laikipia, Leribe, Lesotho, Liberia, Limpopo, Lindi, Littoral, Machakos, Malanje, Malawi, Mali, Manicaland, Maniema, Maputo, Maracha, Margibi, Matabeleland North, Mauritania, Middle Africa, Mombasa, Montagnes, Morogoro, Mozambique, Mpumalanga, Mtwara, Nairobi, Nakuru, Namibia, Nandi, Ngounié, Niari, Niger, Nigeria, Nord, Nord-Kivu, North West, North-West, North-Western, Northern, Northern, Northern Cape, Ogooué-Maritime, Oromīya, Otjozondjupa, Pemba South, Pool, Pwani, Ruvuma, Rwanda, Saint Helena, Salamat, Sangha-Mbaéré, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Siaya, Sierra Leone, Sofala, Somalia, South, South Africa, South Sudan, South-West, Southern, Southern Africa, Sud-Kivu, Sudan, Swaziland, São Tomé, Tahoua, Tana River, Tanga, Tanzania, Tete, Tharaka-Nithi, Togo, Tshopo, Uganda, Vihiga, Wakiso, Western, Western, Western Africa, Western Cape, Woleu-Ntem, YeDebub Bihēroch Bihēreseboch na Hizboch, Zambia, Zambézia, Zanzibar Central/South, Zimbabwe, Āfar, Āmara, Ānseba
Australasia Region: Auckland, Australia, Australia and New Zealand, Australian Capital Territory, Bay of Plenty, Canterbury, Central, Central, Chimbu, Choiseul, Cova Lima, East New Britain, East Sepik, Eastern Highlands, Enga, Guadalcanal, Gulf, Hawke's Bay, Lord Howe Island, Madang, Makira-Ulawa, Maluku, Maluku Utara, Manus, Milne Bay, Morobe, National Capital, New Caledonia, New Ireland, New South Wales, New Zealand, Nord, Norfolk Island, Northern, Northern Territory, Northland, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Oceania, Papua, Papua Barat, Papua New Guinea, Queensland, Sanma, Solomon Islands, South Australia, Southern Highlands, Sud, Tafea, Tasmania, Timor-Leste, Vanuatu, Victoria, West New Britain, West Sepik, Western, Western Australia, Western Highlands, Îles Loyauté
Indomalaya Region: Abra, Aceh, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Asia, Assam, Bago, Bali, Balochistān, Bangkok, Bangladesh, Bataan, Benguet, Bhutan, Bihar, Borneo, Brunei, Bukidnon, Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu, Bắc Giang, Camarines Sur, Cambodia, Cebu, Central, Chachoengsao, Chaiyaphum, Chandigarh, Chanthaburi, Chiang Mai, Chongqing, Davao, Dhawalāgiri, Fujian, Gandakī, Goa, Gorontalo, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hong Kong, Hubei, Hunan, Hà Nội, Ilocos Norte, India, Indonesia, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jiangxi, Johor, Kachin, Kalimantan Timur, Kampong Thom, Kanchanaburi, Karnataka, Kedah, Kerala, Kosī, Krakatau Islands, Kuala Lumpur, Laguna, Lampung, Lanao del Sur, Laos, Leyte, Loei, Lào Cai, Lâm Đồng, Madhya Pradesh, Magway, Maharashtra, Malaysia, Mechī, Meghalaya, Melaka, Myanmar, Nakhon Nayok, Nakhon Ratchasima, Nantou, Narathiwat, Negeri Sembilan, Negros Oriental, Nepal, Nghệ An, Nicobar Island, Ninh Bình, Nueva Vizcaya, Occidental Mindoro, Odisha, Okinawa, Oriental Mindoro, Orissa, Pahang, Pakistan, Palawan, Penang, Perak, Phangnga, Phetchabun, Philippines, Phuket, Puducherry, Pulau Pinang, Punjab, Quezon, Rakhine, Romblon, Sabah, Sagaing, Sakon Nakhon, Sarawak, Selangor, Shan, Sikkim, Singapore, Songkhla, South-Eastern Asia, Southern, Southern Asia, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Taitung, Taiwan, Tak, Tamil Nadu, Temburong, Terengganu, Thailand, Trang, Tutong, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Uva, Vietnam, Vĩnh Phúc, Wangdue Phodrang, West Bengal, Western, Yangon, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Đồng Nai
Malagasy Region: Anjouan, Antananarivo, Antsiranana, Chagos Islands, Comoros, Europa Island, Fianarantsoa, Grande Comore, Haute Matsiatra, Juan de Nova Island, Madagascar, Mahajanga, Mauritius, Mayotte, Mohéli, Reunion, Rodrigues, Saint-Denis, Savanne, Seychelles, Toamasina, Toliara
Nearctic Region: Aguascalientes, Alabama, Alaska, Alberta, Arizona, Arkansas, Baja California, Baja California Sur, British Columbia, California, Canada, Chihuahua, Coahuila de Zaragoza, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Durango, Florida, Georgia, Hidalgo, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Manitoba, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, México, Nebraska, Nevada, New Brunswick, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North America, North Carolina, North Dakota, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Nuevo León, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Puebla, Quebec, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, Sonora, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, United States, Utah, Virginia, Washington, Washington, D.C., West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming, Zacatecas
Neotropical Region: Acre, Aguas Buenas, Ahuachapán, Alajuela, Alta Verapaz, Alto Paraguay, Alto Paraná, Amambay, Amapá, Amazonas, Amazonas, Amazonas, Americas, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Antioquia, Anzoátegui, Aragua, Araucanía, Arequipa, Argentina, Arima, Aruba, Asunción, Atlántico, Atlántida, Bahamas, Bahia, Baja Verapaz, Barahona, Barbados, Barinas, Belize, Bermuda, Biobío, Boaco, Bocas del Toro, Bolivia, Bolívar, Bolívar, Boquerón, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Brokopondo, Buenos Aires, Caaguazú, Cajamarca, Caldas, Camagüey, Campeche, Canindeyú, Caquetá, Carabobo, Caribbean, Cartago, Casanare, Catamarca, Cauca, Cayman Islands, Cayo, Cañar, Ceará, Central, Central America, Cesar, Chaco, Chiapas, Chile, Chimaltenango, Chiquimula, Chiriquí, Chocó, Chontales, Chubut, Cibao Nordeste, Cibao Noroeste, Cibao Norte, Cienfuegos, Ciudad de México, Cochabamba, Coclé, Cojedes, Colima, Colombia, Colonia, Colón, Colón, Comayagua, Concepción, Copán, Coquimbo, Cordillera, Corrientes, Cortés, Costa Caribe Norte, Costa Caribe Sur, Costa Rica, Cotopaxi, Cuba, Cundinamarca, Curaçao, Cusco, Cuyuni-Mazaruni, Córdoba, Darién, Demerara-Mahaica, Distrito Capital, Distrito Federal, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Duarte, Ecuador, El Beni, El Oro, El Paraíso, El Progreso, El Salvador, Entre Ríos, Escuintla, Esmeraldas, Espírito Santo, Estelí, Exuma, Falcón, Formosa, Francisco Morazán, French Guiana, Galapagos Islands, Galápagos, Goiás, Gracias a Dios, Granada, Granma, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guairá, Guanacaste, Guantánamo, Guatemala, Guatemala, Guayas, Guerrero, Guyana, Guárico, Haiti, Hato Mayor, Heredia, Herrera, Holguín, Honduras, Huehuetenango, Huila, Huánuco, Independencia, Intibucá, Isla de la Juventud, Islas de la Bahía, Itapúa, Izabal, Jalapa, Jalisco, Jamaica, Jinotega, Jujuy, Junin, Jutiapa, Kingston, Kuna Yala, La Altagracia, La Guajira, La Habana, La Libertad, La Pampa, La Paz, La Paz, La Rioja, La Unión, La Vega, Lambayeque, Lara, Lempira, Lima, Limón, Loja, Loreto, Los Lagos, Los Ríos, Los Ríos, Madre de Dios, Madriz, Magallanes y de la Antártica Chilena, Magdalena, Manabí, Managua, Manchester, Maranhão, Martinique, María Trinidad Sánchez, Masaya, Matagalpa, Matanzas, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Maule, Mendoza, Meta, Mexico, Michoacán de Ocampo, Minas Gerais, Miranda, Misiones, Misiones, Monagas, Monseñor Nouel, Monte Cristi, Montevideo, Montserrat, Morelos, Morona-Santiago, Mérida, Nacional, Napo, Nariño, Nayarit, Neuquén, New Providence, Nicaragua, Nickerie, Nueva Segovia, Oaxaca, Ocotepeque, Olancho, Orellana, Ouest, Panama, Panamá, Panamá Oeste, Pando, Para, Paraguarí, Paraguay, Paramaribo, Paraná, Paraíba, Pará, Pasco, Pastaza, Pedernales, Peravia, Pernambuco, Peru, Petén, Piauí, Pichincha, Pinar del Río, Port of Spain, Portland, Portuguesa, Potaro-Siparuni, Presidente Hayes, Puerto Plata, Puerto Rico, Puntarenas, Putumayo, Quetzaltenango, Quiché, Quindío, Quintana Roo, Región Metropolitana, Retalhuleu, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Risaralda, Rondônia, Roraima, Río Negro, Río San Juan, Sacatepéquez, Saint Andrew, Saint Ann, Saint Catherine, Saint Elizabeth, Saint George, Saint James, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Martin, Saint Peter, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Salta, Salto, San Andres y Providencia, San Cristóbal, San José, San José de Ocoa, San Juan, San Juan-Laventille, San Luis, San Marcos, San Martín, San Salvador, Santa Ana, Santa Bárbara, Santa Catarina, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, Santa Fe, Santa Rosa, Santander, Santiago de Cuba, Santiago del Estero, Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, Sergipe, Sinaloa, Sipaliwini, Sololá, Sonsonate, South America, Stann Creek, Suchitepéquez, Sucre, Sucumbíos, Sud, Suriname, São Paulo, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tocantins, Tolima, Totonicapán, Trelawny, Trinidad and Tobago, Trujillo, Tucumán, Tunapuna-Piarco, Tungurahua, Turks and Caicos Islands, Táchira, Ucayali, United States Virgin Islands, Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo, Uruguay, Usulután, Valle del Cauca, Valparaíso, Vargas, Vaupés, Venezuela, Veracruz, Veraguas, Vichada, Villa Clara, Westmoreland, Yucatán, Zacapa, Zamora-Chinchipe, Zulia, Ñeembucú
Oceania Region: Aimeliik, Airai, American Samoa, Angaur, Ba, Bua, Cakaudrove, Chuuk, Cook Islands, Enewetak & Ujelang, Fiji, French Polynesia, Gaga'emauga, Guam, Hatohobei, Hawaii, Kadavu, Kayangel, Kiribati, Koror, Lau, Lomaiviti, Macuata, Majuro, Marshall Islands, Melanesia, Melekeok, Micronesia, Micronesia, Naitasiri, Namosi, Ngarchelong, Ngardmau, Ngatpang, Ngchesar, Ngeremlengui, Niue, Northern, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Palmyra Atoll, Peleliu, Phoenix Islands, Pitcairn, Pohnpei, Polynesia, Ra, Rewa, Samoa, Serua, Sonsorol, Tailevu, Tokelau, Tonga, Tongatapu, Tuamasaga, Tuvalu, Wallis and Futuna, Îles Marquises
Palearctic Region: 'Adan, Aargau, Abruzzo, Afghanistan, Akershus, Akita, Aksaray, Al Bahah, Al Qasim, Al Ḩudaydah, Albania, Algeria, Alicante, Altay, Amasya, Anatolikí Makedonía kai Thráki, Andalusia, Andorra, Antalya, Ar Riyad, Aragon, Armenia, Artvin, Asir, Attikí, Austria, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Azerbaijan, Azores, Balearic Islands, Balearic Islands, Basel-Landschaft, Basilicata, Bavaria, Beja, Belarus, Belgium, Blagoevgrad, Blida, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Brussels Capital, Bulgaria, Burgas, Calabria, Campania, Canary Islands, Cantabria, Carinthia, Castile-La Mancha, Castile-Leon, Catalonia, Central Asia, Channel Islands, Chelyabin, Chiba, China, Corsica, Crete, Crimea, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denizli, Denmark, Dobrich, Dolnośląskie, Drâa-Tafilalet, Dubrovačko-Neretvanska, Dytikí Elláda, Dytikí Makedonía, East Flanders, Eastern Asia, Eastern Europe, Egypt, Emilia-Romagna, England, Erzincan, Estonia, Europe, Eşfahān, Faro, Faroe Islands, Finland, Flemish Brabant, France, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Fukuoka, Fès-Meknès, Fārs, Geneva, Georgia, Germany, Gibraltar, Golestān, Grad Zagreb, Grand Est, Greece, Gīlān, Hainaut, Hatay, Hesse, Himachal Pradesh, Hokkaido, Hovedstaden, Hungary, Hyōgo, Ionía Nísia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Isle of Wight, Israel, Issyk-Kul, Italy, Iwate, Jammu and Kashmir, Japan, Jazan, Jeonnam, Jersey, Jiangsu, Jordan, Kabardino-Balkariya, Kagoshima, Kairouan, Kaliningrad, Kalmykiya, Kanagawa, Karachayevo-Cherkesiya, Kayseri, Kazakhstan, Kentrikí Makedonía, Kermān, Konya, Krapinsko-Zagorska, Kumamoto, Kuwait, Kymenlaakso, Kyoto, Kyrgyzstan, Kyustendil, Kābul, Latvia, Lazio, Lebanon, Libya, Liechtenstein, Liguria, Limburg, Lithuania, Ljubljana, Lombardia, Lorestān, Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madeira, Madrid, Malta, Marche, Marrakech-Safi, Małopolskie, Mersin, Midtjylland, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Moskva, Murcia, Māzandarān, Nagasaki, Namur, Nangarhār, Nara, Netherlands, Niigata, Nordjylland, North Korea, Northern Africa, Northern Europe, Norway, Notío Aigaío, Oberösterreich, Occitanie, Okayama, Oman, Osh, Pafos, Palestine, Peloponnísos, Piemonte, Poland, Portugal, Praha, Puglia, Qatar, Qostanay, Rheinland-Pfalz, Rize, Rogaland, Romania, Russia, Sakhalin, San Marino, Saratov, Sardegna, Saudi Arabia, Scotland, Serbia, Shaanxi, Shizuoka, Sichuan, Sicilia, Sjælland, Skåne, Slovakia, Slovenia, Smolyan, Sofia, Souk Ahras, South Korea, Southern, Southern Europe, Southwest Finland, Spain, Steiermark, Stereá Elláda, Sweden, Switzerland, Syddanmark, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanger-Tétouan-Al Hoceïma, Tel Aviv, Thessalía, Tibet, Ticino, Tlemcen, Tochigi, Toscana, Trentino-Alto Adige, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tyumen, Ukraine, Umbria, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, Uruzgān, Uzbekistan, Valais, Valencia, Van, Vidin, Voreío Aigaío, Västra Götaland, Wakayama, Walloon Brabant, West Flanders, Western Asia, Western Europe, Yamanashi, Yemen, Zadarska, Zanjān, Zurich, Ípeiros, Ústecký, İzmir, Świętokrzyskie

Identification:

Myrmicine worker ants have a distinct postpetiole, i.e., abdominal segment III is notably smaller than segment IV and set off from it by a well developed constriction; the pronotum is inflexibly fused to the rest of the mesosoma, such that the promesonotal suture is weakly impressed or absent; and a functional sting is usually present. The clypeus is well developed; as a result the antennal sockets are well separated from the anterior margin of the head (cf. Ecitoninae). Most myrmicine genera possess well developed eyes, and frontal lobes that partly conceal the antennal insertions.

Male myrmicines are recognizable by the anterior and posterior constrictions of abdominal segment III, forming a postpetiole, which is smaller than the fourth abdominal segment (gastral segment I); antennal insertions distant from the anterior margin of the clypeus (nearly abutting in the proceratiine genera); meso- and metatibiae never with two spurs each (two each in the pseudomyrmecinae); anterior and posterior foramena of petiole more-or-less in the same plane (the posterior foramen of Tatuidris is distinctly raised above the anterior foramen in profile view). Characters which separate myrmicine from myrmeciine males are not included in this diagnosis; diagnosis based on Yoshimura & FIsher (2007), M.R. Smith (1943) and Boudinot ("Mesoamerican Males" in prep.).

Notes:

This is the largest ant subfamily, with more than 130 species in California alone. Most species are generalist omnivores but some have become specialized as predators, granivores, or fungus-growers.

References:

Bolton (1994, 2000); Ettershank (1966); Kugler (1978a, 1979c, 1986); Ogata (1991b).

Male references:

Smith, M.R. (1943) A generic and subgeneric synopsis of the male ants of the United States. American Midland Naturalist, 30: 273--321.

Yoshimura, M. & Fisher B.L. (2007) A revision of male ants of the Malagasy region (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): key to subfamilies and treatment of the genera of Ponerinae. Zootaxa, 1654: 21--40.

 

Taxonomic Treatment (provided by Plazi)

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