Formicinae as subfamily of
Formicidae:
Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1835 PDF: 197 [Heterogynides, tribu Formicites];
Nylander, 1846a PDF: 877 [Formicae];
Mayr, 1855 PDF: 286, 299 [
Formicina,
Formicidae];
Nylander, 1856b PDF: 53 [Formicineae];
Mayr, 1861 PDF: 21, 25 [
Formicidae,
Formicidae];
Mayr, 1862 PDF: 651 [
Formicidae];
Mayr, 1865 PDF: 6 [
Formicidae];
Mayr, 1868b PDF: 24 [
Formicidae];
Forel, 1870 PDF: 307 [
Formicidae];
Dours, 1873 PDF: 164 [
Formicidae];
Forel, 1874 PDF: 21, 37 [
Formicariae,
Formicidae];
Emery, 1877b PDF: 70 [
Formicidae];
Ashmead, 1905c PDF: 384 [
Formicinae];
Bondroit, 1918 PDF: 17 [Formicitae];
Wheeler, 1920 PDF: 53 [
Formicinae];
Wheeler, 1922: 210, 691 [
Formicinae];
Emery, 1925d PDF: 2 [
Formicinae];
Karavaiev, 1936: 172;
Chapman & Capco, 1951 PDF: 197;
Clark, 1951 PDF: 16;
Smith, 1951c PDF: 838;
Brown, 1954b PDF: 29;
Kempf, 1972b PDF: 266;
Brown, 1973b PDF: 169;
Baroni Urbani, 1984 PDF: 81;
Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 17; subsequent authors;
Bolton, 2003 PDF: 20, 93;
Boudinot, 2015 PDF: 51;
Perkovsky, 2016 10.1515/vzoo-2016-0014 PDF: 114.
Heterogyna [unavailable name] Heterogynes
Latreille, 1817g: 455 [as family-group name (Heterogynes)]. Unavailable name; not based on a genus rank taxon. [Notes (i): the family-group name was initially designated by
Latreille, 1817g to include the tribes Formicaries (
Formicidae) and Mutillaires (Mutillidae). Other authors of the 19th and early 20th centuries used this unavailable name in a variety of forms:
Stephens, 1829b: 356 (Aculeata subsectio Heterogyna);
Perty, 1833: 134 (Family Heterogyna);
Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1835 PDF: 97 (Family Heterogynides);
Haliday, 1836: 331 (as superfamily name, Hymenoptera stirps Heterogyna, to include the families Mutillidae, Dorylidae,
Formicidae);
Shuckard, 1840a PDF: 188 (Hymenoptera, Heterogyna);
Le Guillou, 1842 PDF: 313 (as family-group name, Heterogynes);
Smith, 1851 PDF: 1 (Aculeata tribe Heterogyna);
Smith, 1855a PDF: 95 (Heterogyna,
Formicidae);
Smith, 1858a PDF: 1 (Aculeata tribe Heterogyna);
Smith, 1859c PDF: 1 (Aculeata tribe Heterogyna);
Smith, 1871c: viii (Heterogyna as superfamily, to include
Formicidae, Poneridae, Myrmicidae, Mutillidae);
Saunders, 1880 PDF: 202 (Heterogyna (=
Formicidae + Myrmicidae + Poneridae));
White, 1884 PDF: 246 (Aculeata division Heterogyna);
Dalla Torre, 1893 PDF: title page (Formicidae (Heterogyna));
Saunders, 1896 PDF: 16 (Heterogyna (=
Formicidae));
Forel, 1899a PDF: 116 (Heterogyna (Formicidae));
Forel, 1899b PDF: 1 (Aculeata section Heterogyna);
Bingham, 1903 PDF: 1 (tribe Heterogyna, family
Formicidae);
Wheeler, 1910a PDF: 134 (Formicidae (Heterogyna)); (ii) not to be confused with Heterogynaidae (type-genus Heterogyna Nagy, 1969), a small family of apoid wasps.]
Philopona [unavailable name] Philopona
Kirby, 1837: 261 [as family-group name (Heterogyna race Philopona), containing only the family
Formicidae]. Unavailable name, not based on a genus rank taxon. [Notes (i):
Kirby, 1837 defines Philopona as, “all those genera that constitute Linné’s genus
Formica, distinguished by their admirable industry, their wonderful economy, and the nests they construct.” By this definition Philopona is an absolute junior synonym of
Formicidae; (ii)
Westwood, 1839a PDF: 217, refers to the “Sodales (or Philopona K.)”, which contains, “the single family
Formicidae”, which “corresponds with the genus
Formica of Linnaeus, and the Heterogyna of St. Fargeau.” Thus Philopona and Sodales are absolute synonyms, and both are junior synonyms of
Formicidae.]
Socialia [unavailable name] Socialia
White, 1884 PDF: 246 [as family-group name (Heterogyna phalanx Socialia)]. Unavailable name, not based on a genus rank taxon. [Note: originally designated to include the families
Formicidae, Poneridae, and Myrmicidae. Socialia would therefore be equivalent to the modern rank of superfamily, and is synonymous with the modern
Formicidae.]
Sodales [unavailable name] Sodales
Westwood, 1839a PDF: 217 [as family-group name (synonymous with Philopona), containing only the family
Formicidae]. Unavailable name, not based on a genus rank taxon. [Note:
Westwood, 1839a PDF refers to the “Sodales (or Philopona K.)” which contains, “the single family
Formicidae”, which “corresponds with the genus
Formica of Linnaeus, and the Heterogyna of St. Fargeau.” Thus Philopona and Sodales are absolute synonyms, and both are junior synonyms of
Formicidae.]