Genus: Formica

Formica Linnaeus, 1758: 579. Type-species: Formica rufa, by subsequent designation of Curtis, 1839: 752.

Taxonomic history

Formica in Formicites: Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1835: 199.

Formica in Formicidae: Smith, F. 1858b: 1.

Formica in Formicinae: Mayr, 1861: 45 [Formicidae]; Mayr, 1862: 653 (in key) [Formicidae]; Mayr, 1865: 8 [Formicidae]; Mayr, 1868c: 47 [Formicidae].

Formica in Camponotinae: Forel, 1878: 373 [Camponotidae]; Emery & Forel, 1879a: 450 [Camponotidae]; Dalla Torre, 1893: 192.

Formica in Camponotinae, Camponotini: Forel, 1886f: 205.

Formica in Camponotinae, Formicini: Forel, 1893a: 165; Emery, 1895j: 772; Forel, 1899c: 127; Wheeler, W.M. 1910g: 143; Forel, 1912i: 89; Wheeler, W.M. 1915h: 120; Forel, 1917: 250.

Formica in Formicinae, Formicini: Ashmead, 1905b: 384; Bondroit, 1918: 41; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 699; Emery, 1925b: 241; all subsequent authors except the following.

Formica in Formicinae, Formica genus group: Agosti, 1991: 295.

Junior synonyms of FORMICA

Formicina Shuckard, in Swainson & Shuckard, 1840: 172. Type-species: Formica rufa, by subsequent designation of Wheeler, W.M. 1911f: 164.

Taxonomic history

[Type-species not Formica flava, unjustified subsequent designation by Emery, 1916a: 61 (footnote); repeated by Emery, 1916b: 239 and Wheeler, W.M. 1916k: 170.]

Formicina in Camponotinae, Formicini: Forel, 1917: 249.

Formicina as genus: Emery, 1916a: 61; Emery, 1916b: 239; Forel, 1917: 249; Bondroit, 1918: 19.

Formicina as subgenus of Lasius: Wheeler, W.M. 1916k: 172.

Formicina as junior synonym of Lasius: Emery, 1925b: 226; Brown, 1973b: 180.

Formicina as junior synonym of Acanthomyops: Donisthorpe, 1927b: 209.

Formicina as junior synonym of Formica: Wheeler, W.M. 1911c: 860; Wheeler, W.M. 1911f: 164; Donisthorpe, 1943f: 646; Agosti, 1994a: 106; Bolton, 1994: 50. [Formica and Formicina share the same type-species, synonymy is therefore absolute.]

Neoformica Wheeler, W.M. 1913a: 82 [as subgenus of Formica]. Type-species: Formica pallidefulva, by original designation. 

Taxonomic history

[Neoformica also described as new by Wheeler, W.M. 1913f: 548.]

Neoformica as subgenus of Formica: Wheeler, W.M. 1913a: 82; Wheeler, W.M. 1913f: 388 (in key); Forel, 1917: 250; Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 700; Emery, 1925b: 244; Donisthorpe, 1943f: 673; Creighton, 1950a: 543.

Neoformica as junior synonym of Formica: Buren, 1968a: 39; Agosti, 1994a: 107.

Raptiformica Forel, 1913i: 361 [as subgenus of Formica]. Type-species: Formica sanguinea, by original designation.

Taxonomic history

Raptiformica as subgenus of Formica: Forel, 1917: 250; Emery, 1925b: 258; Donisthorpe, 1943g: 723; Creighton, 1950a: 460.

Raptiformica as junior synonym of Formica: Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 699 (footnote); Smith, M.R. 1951a: 860; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1448; Agosti, 1994a: 107.

Serviformica Forel, 1913i: 361 [as subgenus of Formica]. Type-species: Formica fusca, by original designation.

Taxonomic history

Serviformica as subgenus of Formica: Forel, 1913i: 361; Forel, 1917: 250; Emery, 1925b: 245; Donisthorpe, 1943g: 725.

Serviformica as junior synonym of Formica: Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 699 (footnote); Smith, M.R. 1951a: 860; Francoeur, 1973: 34; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1448; Agosti, 1994a: 106.

Coptoformica Müller, 1923: 146 [as subgenus of Formica]. Type-species: Formica exsecta, by subsequent designation of Donisthorpe, 1941f: 37.

Taxonomic history

Coptoformica as junior synonym of Formica: Smith, M.R. 1951a: 860; Smith, D.R. 1979: 1448; Agosti, 1994a: 107.

Adformica Lomnicki, 1925a: 164 [as subgenus of Formica]. Type-species: Formica exsecta, by subsequent designation of Donisthorpe, 1927b: 316.

Taxonomic history

Adformica as junior synonym of Coptoformica: Stitz, 1939: 306; Donisthorpe, 1943f: 620 [Adformica and Coptoformica share the same type-species, synonymy is therfore absolute.]

Iberoformica Tinaut, 1990a: 282 [as subgenus of Formica]. Type-species: Formica subrufa, by original designation.

Taxonomic history

Iberoformica as junior synonym of Formica: Agosti, 1994a: 107.

Genus Formica references

Mayr, 1855: 300 (diagnosis, Austria species key); Smith, F. 1858b: 1 (diagnosis); Mayr, 1861: 46 (Europe species key); Roger, 1863b: 12 (catalogue); Mayr, 1863: 410 (catalogue); Mayr, 1865: 8 (diagnosis); André, 1874: 182 (Europe species key); Forel, 1874: 51 (Switzerland species key); Forel, 1878: 373 (diagnosis); André, 1882b: 176 (Europe & Algeria species key); Cresson, 1887: 255 (U.S.A. catalogue); Provancher, 1887: 232 (Canada species key); Nasonov, 1889: 61 (Russia species key); Dalla Torre, 1893: 192 (catalogue); Emery, 1893i: 643 (North America species key); Forel, 1894c: 402 (India species key); Bingham, 1903: 334 (India species key); Ruzsky, 1905b: 318 (Russian Empire species key); Wasmann, 1906: 8 (Luxemburg species key); Emery, 1909b: 180 (Palaearctic species key); Bondroit, 1910: 482 (Belgium species key); Wheeler, W.M. 1913f: 387 (subgenera, species groups, all species keys); Stitz, 1914: 88 (Central Europe species key); Donisthorpe, 1915d: 244 (Britain species key); Emery, 1916b: 257 (Italy species key); Wheeler, W.M. 1916m: 594 (U.S.A., Connecticut species key); Bondroit, 1917a: 174 (France F. rufa group, key); Bondroit, 1918: 41 (France & Belgium species key); Wheeler, W.M. 1922a: 699 (subgenera key); Emery, 1925b: 241 (diagnosis, subgenera key, catalogue); Emery, 1925b: 244 (F. (Neoformica) diagnosis, catalogue; Emery, 1925b: 245 (F. (Serviformica) diagnosis, catalogue; Emery, 1925b: 251 (F. (Formica) diagnosis, catalogue; Emery, 1925b: 258 (F. (Raptiformica) diagnosis, catalogue; Lomnicki, 1925a: 171 (Poland species key); Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1926b: 93 (Turkestan species key); Karavaiev, 1927c: 282 (Ukraine species key); Donisthorpe, 1927b: 284 (Britain species key); Arnol'di, 1933b: 603 (Russia species key); Karavaiev, 1936: 220 (Ukraine species key); Menozzi, 1939a: 321 (Himalaya & Tibet species key); Stitz, 1939: 306 (Germany species key); Creighton, 1940a: 1 (North America F. rufa subspecies key); Kratochvíl, 1941: 103 (Central Europe species key); Novák & Sadil, 1941: 103 (Central Europe species key); Cole, 1942: 375 (U.S.A., Utah species key); Holgersen, 1943b: 175 (Norway species key); Holgersen, 1944: 200 (Norway species key); Buren, 1944a: 299 (U.S.A., Iowa species key); Boven, 1947: 187 (Belgium species key); Creighton, 1950a: 456 (North America species key); Chapman & Capco, 1951: 197 (Asia checklist); Yarrow, 1954a: 229 (Britain F. fusca group); Yarrow, 1955a: 29 (Britain F. rufa group, key); Wilson & Brown, 1955: 108 (F. sanguinea & F. neogagates groups, synopsis); Boven, 1959: 12 (Netherlands species key); Betrem, 1960b: 75 (F. rufa group, key); Gregg, 1963: 498 (U.S.A., Colorado species key); Wheeler, G.C. & Wheeler, J. 1963: 205 (U.S.A., North